[Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolic complications in orthopedic patients]. / Kompleksnaya profilaktika i lechenie venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii u patsientov ortopedicheskogo profilya.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the comprehensive program for prevention of thromboembolic complications in orthopedic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have analyzed thromboembolic complications in orthopedic patients after surgeries on large joints over the past 5 years (2018-2022). CONCLUSION: A comprehensive approach to prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications including ultrasound, early surgical prevention of pulmonary embolism can significantly improve postoperative outcomes after joint replacement surgery. Vacuum aspiration retrograde thrombectomy is effective, feasible and safe for acute ilio-femoral venous thrombosis reducing hospital-stay (p=0.0124) and restoring vein patency. Widespread thromboembolic complications, especially for pulmonary embolism in 2022, are likely due to a new coronavirus infection and require careful screening of patients with risk factors with appropriate preventive antithrombotic therapy.

The use of an Inhaled Surfactant in Patients With Severe and Extremely Severe new Coronavirus Infection COVID-19 With Concomitant Cardiovascular Pathology.

Aim      To study the effectiveness of nebulized surfactant therapy as a part of a multimodality treatment of severe and extremely severe COVID-19 viral pneumonia with concomitant cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).Material and methods  This retrospective controlled study analyzed a multimodality treatment of 38 patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 viral pneumonia and concomitant CVDs who were administered nebulized surfactant for correction of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The control group consisted of 105 patients with severe and extremely severe novel coronavirus infection with concomitant CVDs who were not administered surfactant as a part of the multimodality therapy.Results Administration of nebulized surfactant as a part of the multimodality treatment in patients with COVID-19 allowed alleviating the severity of respiratory insufficiency (р<0.001), which decreased the death rate of patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 and undoubtedly demonstrated the effectiveness of this medicine. The timely multimodality therapy, including nebulized surfactant, improves the course of the disease. Thus, the absence of a possibility for administering nebulized surfactant for more than 4 days was associated with fatal outcomes (р=0.045).Conclusion      Administration of nebulized surfactant as a part of the multimodality treatment of severe and extremely severe COVID-19 and concomitant CVDs increases the survival (р<0.001) and reduces the mortality by 46 %. The risk factors of an unfavorable outcome of this disease include an age older than 65 (р=0.020), a positive polymerase chain reaction test (р=0.037), a ferritin concentration at baseline >600 mg /ml (р<0.001), and a surfactant treatment duration < 4 days (р=0.045). Further study of the efficacy of nebulized surfactants as a part of the multimodality therapy is required and should include randomized clinical trials with a large number of patients and the development of distinct criteria for the treatment of ARDS.

[Assessment of the results of left ventricular reconstruction in combination of coronary atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus]. / Otsenka rezul'tatov rekonstruktsii levogo zheludochka pri sochetanii koronarnogo ateroskleroza i sakharnogo diabeta.

AIM: To study the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on changes of intracardiac haemodynamics and myocardial morphology in patients with ischaemic heart disease and a postinfarction aneurysm of the left ventricle before and after corrective operations on the heart. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 79 patients with ischaemic heart disease and a chronic aneurysm of the left ventricle (Group I - patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=27), mean age 57.5±3.9 years, average number of shunts 2.9±0.6; Group II - patients without diabetes mellitus (n=52), mean age 55,3 ±7.1 years, average number of shunts - 2.7±0.3). In the preoperative period all patients were examined taking into account the functional class of angina pectoris, with the assessment of the left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic index, end-systolic index, sphericity index. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and surgical restoration of the normal geometry of the left ventricle according to the Menicanty technique with the target end-systolic index of 60 ml/m2, during which 39 patients from both groups were subjected to intraoperative biopsy of the left ventricular myocardium and right atrial auricle. RESULTS: The intergroup analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in age, angina pectoris class, level of arterial pressure between the groups. Neither were there statistically significant differences in the echocardiographic parameters at the preoperative stage. In the postoperative period, we detected a significant decrease in the end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes of the left ventricle in both groups, with a statistically significant increase of the left ventricular ejection fraction observed only in non-diabetic patients. One year after the operation, such patients still continued to demonstrate more favourable parameters of the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. A detailed analysis with determining the delta of the alterations in the parameters revealed more significant positive dynamics in the postoperative period in patients with ischaemic heart disease not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: The obtained findings are indicative of negative dynamics of the course of chronic ischaemic heart disease aggravated by type 2 diabetes mellitus after reconstruction of the left ventricle. Macro- and microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly deteriorated the myocardial trophism. Subsequent bleedings draw phagocytic cells into the myocardial stroma, thus adversely affecting the further prognosis and course of the disease, since we demonstrated that the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardial stroma is a key factor of unfavourable outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.

[Effectiveness of the Cox Maze-IV Procedure in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Atrial Fibrillation].

Aim Analyzing a 5-year experience of surgical treatment of cardiosurgical patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).Material and methods The study analyzed results of surgical treatment with extracorporeal circulation in 132 patients with AF who underwent the Maze-IV procedure using a radiofrequency ablator with transmurality feedback from 2013 through 2018.Results Two fatal outcomes were observed in the study group. These outcomes took place in the early postoperative period and were associated with progressive acute heart failure in patients with repeated surgery for mitral valve restenosis. 61.2% of the patients had no AF. Recurrent AF was observed during the first three years after surgery in association with withdrawal of the antiarrhythmic medication, which confirmed a need for long-term antiarrhythmic therapy. Analysis of risk factors for AF relapse identified significant predictors, including left ventricular dilatation larger than 5.5 cm at baseline and more than two-year duration of a history of arrhythmias.Conclusion The Maze-IV procedure proved an effective and safe method of surgical treatment in AF patients with acquired heart defects and ischemic heart disease, which allowed maintaining sinus rhythm in 61.2% of patients for 5 years. Preventive amiodarone saturation reduced the risk of AF relapse by 24.2 % (p=0.038) and incidence of postoperative arrhythmic complications by 34.9 % (p=0.008) in cardiosurgical patients.

[Interrelation of Electrophysiological and Perfusion Changes in Patients With Left Ventricular Aneurysm].

The study was aimed at identification of relations between perfusion and electrophysiological changes in left ventricular (LV) myocardium in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) with postinfarction LV aneurysm and ventricular tachycardia. The study enrolled 23 patients with the aforementioned disease. Preoperatively, apart from standard clinical examination of cardiosurgical patients, intracardiac electrophysiological study and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography of myocardium with 99mTc-Technetril were performed. The patients were subjected to coronary artery bypass grafting and left ventricular reconstruction. Assessment of the outcomes showed that electrophysiological condition of left ventricle was dependent on myocardial perfusion. Electrophysologically normal myocardium with electric potential >1.5 mV, transient zone (0.5-1.5 mV) and zones with the potential <0.5 mV differed significantly by the percentage of perfusion: 61, 45, and 35%, respectively. Zones of delayed conduction and those of double potential were located mostly in transient zone of electrical potential conduction with the current amplitude of 0.5-1.5 mV and myocardial perfusion from 35 to 61%. Double potential zone was formed in the area of myocardium with better perfusion (perfusion defect of 55% with preserved metabolism) as opposed to the zone of delayed conduction, where perfusion defect was 40% with low level of metabolic activity. The obtained data has proven the presence of correlation between electrophysiology and perfusion of myocardium. This provides an opportunity to identify electrically unstable myocardial zones with the help of specific computer tomography of myocardium.

[Comparative characteristics of revealing hibernated myocardium by means of perfusion and metabolic scintigraphy].

OBJECTIVE: comparative assessment of the informative value of the methods of perfusion and metabolic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in detecting the hibernated myocardium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included a total of twenty six patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). Of these, there were 24 men and 2 women, mean age 52.0±7.0 years. All the patients in order to detect the viable myocardium were subjected to perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium with (99)mTc-technitrile («Diamed¼, Russia) at rest and in a combination with the nitroglycerine test, as well as metabolic scintigraphy of the myocardium with (123)I-labelled beta-methyl-ρ-iodophenyl pentadecanic acid (BMIPP). RESULTS: the studies showed that sensitivity of myocardial scintigraphy with (99)mTc-technitrile on the background of the nitroglycerine test amounted to 89%, with specificity of 85% and diagnostic accuracy of 86%. While calculating the diagnostic significance of SPECT with (123)I-BMIPP, in turned out that the method's sensitivity amounted to 94%, specificity to 87%, and diagnostic accuracy to 91%. CONCLUSION: perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium on the background of the nitroglycerine test and scintigraphic assessment of metabolism of fatty acids are highly informative tests for revealing viable portions of the ischemic myocardium, with the diagnostic parameters of SPECT with (123)I-BMIPP being slightly superior to those of perfusion scintigraphy with (99)mTc-technitrile on the background of sublingual administration of nitroglycerine.

Effect of model biological media of stability of complex of silver nanoparticles applied onto silicon nitride substrate.

We studied stability of complexes of silver nanoparticles and silicon nitride before and after their interaction with liquid media and after passing through bacterial filters. According to scanning electron microscopy data, contact with fluids and passage through bacterial filters reduced the content of silver nanoparticles in complexes compared to that in initial complexes. It was shown that these differences depended on both initial characteristics of the examined samples and the used liquid media. The complex Ag/Si3N4 obtained after 5 silver reduction cycles and containing 15% α- and 85% ß-modifications of silicon nitride (sample No. 2) was characterized by maximum stability. Culture medium produced more aggressive effect on stability of the studied complexes. We concluded that the effect of culture media on stability of silver nanoparticles-silicon nitride complexes depends on phase composition of the substrate and method of application of silver nanoparticles.

[Clinical experience of the use of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in patients with ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy].

Between March 2003 and February 2005 cell therapy with mononuclear bone marrow cells (MBMC) was used in 38 and 4 patients with ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. Intracardiac administration of MBMC (87+/-12 millions) was carried out during coronary artery bypass surgery and/or left ventricular aneurysm resection (n=25) or in cardiac catheterization laboratory (n=17). For verification of cells fixation they were labeled with "Ceretec" 99mTc-HMPAO. Accumulation of labeled cells after 24 hours was 1.6+/-0.001%. After 6 months parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics and transitory myocardial perfusion defects improved significantly in all patients with ischemic heart disease.